社会工作实习教育与指导手册
上QQ阅读APP看书,第一时间看更新

2.4 社会工作实习教育的意义

2.4.1 促进学生对社会工作专业内涵的理解

任何一种专业助人者都象征着地位、权力与社会声望,社会工作也不例外。严格来说,从社会工作专业本身来看,其内涵主要包括以下六点:①正直;②专业知识和自我效能;③批判性思考与终身学习;④自我了解和自我控制;⑤文化能力与接纳他人的包容力;⑥社会支持(Johnson, 2007)。

对于社会工作专业学生而言,要一步一步地学习以上知识,并自我检视和反省自己是否适合成为一名专业社会工作者,最后才能把所学的技能和知识转化为实际的行动回馈社会和专业本身。从国内外的研究可见,正是实务的情境,对于学生了解专业知识和决定是否投入社会工作的专业生涯中,均有相当大的影响。所以,实习课程是整个社会工作教育方案中非常重要的(Jenkins & Sheafor, 1982),是整合连贯专业知识的重要课程(CSWE, 1994)。体验式的实习教育旨在激起实务操作的动机,给予发展实务技巧的机会,在专业性督导下,整合课堂上的理论框架与实地工作经验,通过协助学生发展助人行为与独立能力,再塑学生对专业内涵的认识和理解。

2.4.2 促进学生内化社会工作专业内涵

有学者在研究中指出,实习教育是将在学校中所学习到的原则与对理论的了解加以转换成实际的行动,以便将来协助人们(Osmond& O'Connor, 2006)。Hamilton和Fauri(2001)视实习教育为意识上的一组经验,在实务情境中,让学生基于最基本的技巧和态度,在社会工作实务中表现出自主能力,进而内化社会工作专业内涵。

通常社会工作实习教育是由各学校明确其实习教育的目标和主要内容后,再依据学生的个人兴趣和专长,安排学生到适当的机构中,然后再细致地挑选实习督导与实习学生配对,并在实习督导的来源和资历方面进行严格的审核,以教导学生如何运用机构所提供的机会,尝试扮演社会工作实务者的角色。在这个过程中,社会工作实习学生有机会在实务情境中去理解社会工作专业内涵和处理相关的情境,从中去发现自己是否认同社会工作专业内涵,去体验各种冲突和尝试解决的过程,从而尝试达到对社会工作专业内涵的内化,并最终收获专业的成长。

总体上说,社会工作实习教育是在学校的安排下,在实习督导的引导下,在机构中不断探索、练习和尝试,使社会工作实习学生的态度、情绪、操守、伦理道德不断反思成熟,以培养知、觉、行、思合一的专业人才。


参考文献

陈良谨:《中国社会工作百科全书》,中国社会出版社,1994。

史柏年:《社会工作实习》,社会科学文献出版社,2003。

香港社会工作者注册局:《社会工作督导指引》, http://www.swrb.org.hk/text-chi/supervision_c.asp, 2009。

曾华源:《社会工作实习教学——理论实务与研究》, (台北)五南图书出版公司,1987。

曾华源:《社会工作实习教育——原理及实务》, (台湾)师大书苑有限公司,1997。

Berhard, Education For Social Work-in Encyclopedia of Social Work, New York. :NASW Press, 1977.

Collins, A. , Brown, J. S&Newman, S. E. , “Cognitive Apprenticeship: Teaching the Crafts of Reading, Writing and Mathematics”, In L. B. Resinck (eds. ), 1989.

Coulshed, V. & Orme, J. , Social Work Practice: An Introduction (4th ed), Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.

Council on Social Work, E. , Curriculum Policy Statement for the Baccalaureate Degree Pprograms in Social Work Education, Alexandria, VA: The Council on Social Work Education, 1992.

Cree, V. E. , “Students Learning to Learn”, In H. Burgess & I. Taylor (eds. ),Effective Learning and Teaching in Social Policy and Social Work, Routledge/Falmer, 2004.

CSWE, Curriculum Policy Statement for the Baccalaureate Degreee Programs in Social Work Education, Alexandria, VA: The Council on Social Work Education, 1994.

CSWE, Handbook of Accreditation Standards and Procedures (4th ed. ), Alexandria,VA: The Council on Social Work Education, 1994.

Dewey, J. , Experience and Education, Kappa Delta Pi, 1998.

Dolgoff, R. , Loewenberg, F. , Harrington, D. , Corey, G. , Corey, M. , Callanan,P. , et al. , Ethical Decisions for Social Work Practice, Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning, 2005.

Goldstein, E. G. , Object Relations Theory and Self Psychology in Social Work Practice,New York: Free Press, 2001.

Hamilton, D. & Fauri, D. , “Social Workers”, Journal of Social Work Education, 37 (2), 2001.

Horejsi, C. R. & Garthwait, C. L. , The Social Work Practicum: A Guide and Workbook for Students, Allyn & Bacon, 1998.

Jenkins, L. & Sheafor, B. (eds. ), Quality Field Instruction in Social Work, New York: Longman, 1981.

Johnson, L. C. , Social Work Practice : A Generalist Approach (9th ed. ), Boston,MA: Pearson Allyn and Bacon, 2007.

Merrifield, P. , Guilford, J. , Christensen, P. & Frick, J. , The Role of Intellectual Factors in Problem Solving, New York: American Psychological Association, 1962.

Openshaw, L. , Social Work in Schools : Principles and Practice, New York: Guilford Press, 2008.

Osmond, J. & O'Connor, I. , “Use of Theory and Research in Social Work Practice:Implications for Knowledge-based Practice”, Australian Social Work, 59 (1), 2006.

Pillari, V. , Social Work Practice : Theories and Skills, Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon, 2002.

Rogers, B. &McDonald, D. , The Domestication of Women: Discrimination in Developing Societies, Routledge, 1989.

Spitzer, W. , Holden, G. , Cuzzi, L. , Rutter, S. , Chernack, P. & Rosenberg,G. , “Edith Abbott was Right: Designing Fieldwork Experiences for Contemporary Health Care Practice”, Lournal of Social Work Eduction, 37 (7), 2001.

Tolson, E. & Kopp, J. , “The Practicum: Clients, Problems, Interventions and Influences on Student Practice”, Journal of Social Work Education, 24 (2), 1988.

Towle, C. , “The General Objectives of Professional Education”, Social Service Review, 25 (4), 1951.

Wilson, G. , “Behavior Therapy as a Short-term Therapeutic Approach”, In Simon H. Budman, Forms of Brief Therapy , Guilford Pubhications, 1981.