Abstract

Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy,is the funda-mental guarantee for the survival of people.China has a long agricultur-al history,it can be traced back to primitive society.As civilization de-veloped and progressed,the prototype of the countries and cities began to appear,and the kingship and class oppression were also produced. The ruling class' compulsory purchase of agricultural products was the beginning of national compulsory purchase of grain.Since the emer-gence of the country,compulsory purchase of grain was accompanied by the development of Chinese history.In the different historical periods, approaches of compulsory purchase of grain have also undergone great changes with the changing times,and have different characteristics.The compulsory grain purchase's policies were changing with the develop-ment of productive forces,relations of production and change of dynas-ty.In the history and modern time,compulsory purchase of grain has played a very important significance for ensuring national food security, economic development and political progress.However,when the exe-cution of procurement policy deviated from the policy's design,the lev-el of grain procurement will change from moderate degree to excessive degree,and caused farmers revolting against the rulers in the changing time of ancient regimes.Until the founding of New China,during the compulsory purchase of grain,rulers began to pay more attention to the interests of farmers,and formed the harmonious urban-rural relations.Therefore,the research on the history of policies of compulsory grain purchase in China has great academic value and practical significance.

The research's theme is compulsory grain purchase by the state from farmers,it studied that countries in ancient and modern society were how to get grain from farmers.The thesis an alysedin diferent his-torical periods and the economic situation,the land system,tax situa-tion,household registration system,population size,urban-rural rela-tions,rate of urbanization,industrialization,etc.and these factors have made impact on the compulsory purchase of grain.Thus,try to answer the following three questions:(1)How do compulsory grain purchase's policies develop in diferent economic and social development stages? (2)What impact dose the choice of grain compulsory purchase ap-proach on urban and rural community?(3)How does today's urban and rural society choose grain purchase policies,that can guarantee a degree of grain self-sufficiency on the national level,but also ensures the farmers ton increase production?

In ancient societies,agriculture was the largest industry in the na-tional economy,accounted for the major proportion.Other economies were around the agricultural center.In the grain procurement process, rulerson behalf of the country's ruling regime and the peasants were the main roles of grain procurement.Land tax(agricultural tax)collected by the state was the most important means of getting grain.The farmers were the largest main bodies to pay land tax,and the land tax paid by the landlord was conversed from the farmers' rent,so government's compulsory purchase of grain was ultimately from farmers.In ancient society,the land tax system had gone through many reforms,from the ratio's tax to Zuyongdiao's Law,and then two tax laws,a whip'slaw and farmland law including head tax,but after the reforms,farmers'burden wasn't reduced,but heavier.In addition,the state bought farmers' grain in very low price to regulate grain's surplus and defi-ciency,but it was very small percentage in these ways.Overall,the mode of compulsory grain purchase in the ancient society was relatively simple,the land tax was the most important way,the quantity of grain collected by land tax was accounted for most of the farmers' production, but farmers' surplus grain was just enough self-suficiency or less.

After the Ming and Qing dynasties,especially in the modern socie-ty,the commodity economy was well developed and foreign grain began to enter China,the quantity of national grain purchase began to de-crease than in the ancient,but the money tax increased,in particular land tax imposed by grain was gradually replaced by silver.The state directly controlled grain less,except some grain by canal,the state went to the market to buy the grain.In the last years of the Qing Dynas-ty,grain by canal was canceled,the state no longer directly controlled the grain resources,and commodity rate of grain further increased.Dur-ing the Republic of China,due to frequent war,the country's compul-sory grain purchase was in a chaotic state.In the Sino-Japanese War, the Nationalist Party's government strengthened control of the land tax imposed by real grain to guarantee arm provisions and living's need in rear area.Communist Party in the anti-Japanese base areas ensured the regime and the victory of the war through the approach of collecting public grain.In the modern society,due to political turmoil,compulso-ry grain purchase was also in a state of disorder,but the involvement of market made some new characteristics of compulsory purchase of grain.

After the founding of new China,the changes of national institu-tional mechanisms brought China's compulsory purchase of grain new changes.Forindustrialized target,the countries strengthened the collec-tion and accumulation of peasants' grain.The agricultural tax in the planned economy was combined with the unified purchase and sale,so that according to the law the farmers paid almost all the surplus of grain,farmers' life had always been poorer.After reform and opening up,the state began the introduction of market forces in the compulsory grain purchase,and strengthened the protection of the interests of farm-ers.The policies of compulsory grain purchase were changing from the unified purchase system,the contract system,dual-track system and protected price system,now to the lowest purchase price's policy,re-serve grain's policy and direct grain subsidy system.These policies both ensure national grain security and the efective supply,and also make farmers increase production and income,so the state and farmers form a positive interaction.

Now in market economy,compulsory purchase of grain has devel-oped into policy of grain purchase.It has played an important role in regulating the macro-economy,ensuring grain security,and coordina-ting urban and rural development.Especially in today's rapid urbaniza-tion,how to deal with the state and farmers,urban-rural relations, and how to make a reasonable transfer of urban and rural labor,and ac-celerate the reform and adjustment of the rural household registration system,also need to explore new ideas and propose efective policy and recommendations from the perspective of compulsory grain purchase.

Key words:the state,the farmer,purchase of grain by the state, urban-rural relation