List of Abbreviations

AFL-CIO: American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations

BAGIV: Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft der Immigrantenverbände (Federal Working Community of Immigrant Organizations)

BLHRRI (Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute)

BLL: Buraku Liberation League (Buraku Kaihō Dōmei)

BLRI: Buraku Liberation Research Institute

CDU: Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschland (Christian-democratic Union Germany)

CHONGRYON: Zai-Nihon Chōsenjin Sōrengōkai (General Association of Korean Residents in Japan)

Churitsu Roren: Federation of Independent Labor Unions

CGD: Christlicher Gewerkschaftsbund Deutschlands (Christian Union Federation)

CSU: Christlich-Soziale Union in Bayern (Christian-social Union in Bavaria)

CTW: Change to Win

DBB: Deutscher Beamtenbund und Tarifunion (German Public Service and Tariff Union)

DC: Washington District of Columbia

DGB: Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (German Labor Union Federation)

DITIB: Diyanet Işleri Türk Islam Birliği (Turkish Islamic Union of the Presidency of Religious Affairs)

Dōmei: Zen Nihon Rodo Sodomei (Japan Confederation of Labour)

Dōwa: Assimilation Projects/Policies (dōwa taisaku jigyō)

DPJ: Democratic Party of Japan (Minshutō)

EU: European Union

FDGB: Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (Free German Union Federation)

FDP: Freie Demokratische Partei (Free Democratic Party)

FPTP: First Past the Post

FRG: Federal Republic of Germany (BRD Bundesrepublik Deutschland)

GDR: German Democratic Republic (DDR Deutsche Demokratische Republik)

JAW: Confederation of Japanese Automobile Workers’ Unions

JCP: Japanese Communist Party (Nihon Kyōsan-tō)

JSP: see SDP

JMIAC: Japan Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

KOMKAR: Union of Kurdish organizations (Konfederasyona Komeleyên Kurdistanê li Ewrûpa-Verband der Vereine aus Kurdistan)

LDP: Liberal Democratic Party (Jiyūminshutō)

LGBTQ: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer

LULAC: League of United Latin American Citizens

MALDEF: Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund

MINDAN: Zai-Nihon Chōsen Kyoryū Mindan (Korean Residents Union in Japan)

MINTOHREN: Minzoku Sabetsu to Tatakau Renraku Kyogikai (National Council for Combating Discrimination Against Ethnic Peoples in Japan)

MRG/CMP/MARPOR: Manifesto Research Group/Comparative Manifestos Project/Manifesto Research on Political Representation

NAACP: National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement

NCLR: National Council of La Raza

NK: New Komei (Kōmeitō; Justice and Fairness Party)

NPD: Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (National Democratic Party of Germany)

NPN: New Party Nippon (Shintō Nippon)

NRA: National Rifle Association

OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

PDS/Die Linke: Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (Party of Democratic Socialism/The Left)

RAF: Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Fraction)

PNP: People’s New Party (Kokumin Shintō)

PR: Proportional Representation

PSC-CVP: Parti Social Chrétien-Christelijke Volkspartij (Belgian Christian-democratic party)

RENGO: Rengō-Nihon Rōdōkumiai Sōrengōkai (Japanese Trade Union Confederation)

RTS: Rat der Türkeistämmigen Bürger (Council of Turkish-rooted citizens)

SDP(J): Successor JSP; Social Democratic Party (Shakai Minshu-tō)

SNTV: Single Non Transferable Vote

Sōhyō: Nihon Rōdōkumiai Souhyogika (General Council of Trade Unions of Japan)

SPD: Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland (Socialdemocratic Party Germany)

StAG: Staatsangehörigkeitsgesetz (Nationality/Citizenship Law)

TGD: Türkische Gemeinde in Deutschland (Turkish Community in Germany)

UA ZENSEN: Japanese Federation of Textile, Chemical Food, Commercial Service and General Worker’s Unions

UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

U.S.: United States of America; USA

Ver.di: Vereinte Dienstleistungsgewerkschaft (United Service Provider Union)

WASG: Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit—Die Wahlalternative (Work and Social Justice—The Electoral Alternative)

YP: Your Party (Minna no Tō)

Zenkairen: National Coalition of Buraku Liberation

ZENROKYO: Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai Renraku Kyōgi-kai (National Trade Union Council)

ZENROREN: Zenkoku Rōdōkumiai sōrengō (National Confederation of Trade Unions)